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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
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The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice
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Emergent exploration via novelty management.

Goren Gordon1, Ehud Fonio2, Ehud Ahissar3

  • 1Departments of Neurobiology and.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|September 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Rodents explore new environments by maximizing novelty, using a structured approach to manage information gain. This novelty management framework guides their exploration across different senses and development.

Keywords:
active sensinghierarchical modelintrinsic motivationreinforcement learningwhisker system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Animal exploration of novel environments is complex and structured, but underlying principles remain unclear.
  • Understanding exploratory patterns is crucial for deciphering learning and adaptation mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the principles governing exploratory behaviors in rodents.
  • To develop and validate a computational model for novelty-driven exploration.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of whisking and locomotion data in rats and mice.
  • Application of a hierarchical curiosity model to behavioral data.
  • Experimental validation of model predictions using novel object encounters in mice.

Main Results:

  • Rodents maximize novelty signal-to-noise ratio during exploration.
  • Exploration follows a novelty-descending sequence with novelty-triggered withdrawal.
  • A hierarchical curiosity model accurately captures exploratory behavior across timescales.
  • Novelty management is integrated across different sensory modalities.

Conclusions:

  • Rodents employ a novelty management framework to guide exploratory actions.
  • This framework provides a plausible mechanism for learning and integrating exploration primitives.
  • The findings offer insights into the developmental and neural basis of mammalian exploration.