Congenital Toxoplasmosis.

Area of Science:

• Parasitology
• Infectious Diseases
• Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

• Toxoplasmosis, caused by *Toxoplasma gondii*, is a prevalent parasitic infection.
• While often asymptomatic, primary infection during pregnancy can lead to severe congenital disease.
• Recent research clarifies parasite genotype's role in disease severity and transmission routes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in understanding and managing toxoplasmosis, particularly congenital cases.
• To highlight improved strategies for preventing mother-to-child transmission.
• To identify remaining challenges and future research needs.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent scientific literature on *Toxoplasma gondii* infection.
• Analysis of new diagnostic tools, including immunoglobulin G avidity testing.
• Evaluation of current prevention and treatment strategies for congenital toxoplasmosis.

Main Results:

• Enhanced understanding of *Toxoplasma gondii* genotypes and their impact on infectivity and disease.
• Improved definition of risk factors and emphasis on foodborne transmission.
• Development of strategies to reduce mother-to-child transmission through early detection and treatment.
• Introduction of refined diagnostic tools like IgG avidity testing for accurate infection timing.

Conclusions:

• Significant progress has been made in preventing and treating congenital toxoplasmosis.
• Further research is crucial for developing improved therapeutics and diagnostics.
• Enhanced food safety and standardized screening protocols for pregnant women are essential.