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Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria. In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Live-imaging of Mitochondrial System in Cultured Astrocytes

Live-imaging of Mitochondrial System in Cultured Astrocytes

Published on: November 16, 2021

Mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytes.

Terri-Leigh Stephen¹, Swati Gupta-Agarwal¹, Josef T Kittler¹

¹*University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions

|September 19, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria play a crucial role in regulating astrocyte calcium (Ca²⁺) levels, influencing neuronal communication. Understanding mitochondrial function in astrocytes is key to unraveling brain health and disease mechanisms.

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Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Live-imaging of Mitochondrial System in Cultured Astrocytes

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Published on: November 16, 2021

Visualizing and Analyzing Intracellular Transport of Organelles and Other Cargos in Astrocytes

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Published on: August 28, 2019

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators GECIs

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators GECIs

Published on: January 22, 2022

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Astrocyte Biology

Background:

Astrocytes exhibit cellular excitability via intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺) variations.
Astrocyte Ca²⁺ dynamics modulate neuronal signaling, synaptic transmission, and plasticity.
Mitochondria are key regulators of intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent insights into mitochondrial function, transport, and turnover in astrocytes.
To highlight unresolved questions regarding mitochondria's role in astrocytes.
To explore the implications for the astrocyte-neuron relationship in health and disease.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on astrocyte mitochondria.
Analysis of mitochondrial roles in calcium buffering and energy provision.
Discussion of mitochondrial transport and turnover mechanisms in astrocytes.

Main Results:

Mitochondria are strategically positioned to meet local energy and Ca²⁺ buffering demands in astrocytes.
Mitochondrial dynamics are crucial for maintaining astrocyte Ca²⁺ signaling.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate mitochondrial contributions to astrocyte function.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial function is integral to astrocyte excitability and bidirectional communication with neurons.
Understanding astrocyte mitochondria offers insights into neurological health and disease.
Key questions remain regarding mitochondrial transport, turnover, and their precise impact on astrocyte-neuron interactions.