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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
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Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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A Technique for Serial Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid from the Cisterna Magna in Mouse
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CSF in Alzheimer's disease.

Henrik Zetterberg, Ronald Lautner, Tobias Skillbäck

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    Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid reveal insights into disease progression. This review discusses current clinical chemistry tests and emerging markers for AD diagnosis and management.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Biochemistry
    • Geriatrics

    Background:

    • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
    • These pathologies lead to cognitive decline and neuronal loss, impacting memory and other functions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • To discuss the implementation of these markers in routine clinical chemistry.
    • To provide an update on novel biomarker development and standardization efforts for AD.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers.
    • Analysis of clinical chemistry tests for amyloid beta and tau proteins in CSF.
    • Discussion of ongoing research in new biomarker discovery and analytical standardization.

    Main Results:

    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, including amyloid beta and tau, provide valuable insights into AD neuropathology.
    • Established clinical chemistry tests aid in understanding the disease process and can be integrated into routine diagnostics.
    • New markers and standardization efforts are crucial for advancing AD diagnosis and monitoring.

    Conclusions:

    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are essential tools for understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis.
    • Routine implementation of validated biomarkers can improve clinical diagnosis and patient management.
    • Continued research and standardization are vital for the accurate and reliable detection of AD.