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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:

Internal Receptors

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic Regulation

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Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

Androgen receptor genomic regulation.

Hong-Jian Jin¹, Jung Kim¹, Jindan Yu²

¹Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Translational Andrology and Urology

|September 20, 2014

Summary

Androgen receptor (AR) activity drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Recent genomic studies reveal genome-wide AR-regulated genes and binding landscapes, advancing our understanding of PCa development.

Keywords:

AR transcriptional regulation AR-target genes Androgen receptor (AR)ChIP-seq assays Combining Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip prostate cancer (PCa)

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Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

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Published on: March 17, 2016

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Oncology

Background:

Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity is crucial for prostate function and prostate cancer (PCa) development.
Previous research on AR transcriptional regulation was limited to a few target genes.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss recent advances in understanding AR transcriptional regulation using high-throughput genomic technologies.
To explore genome-wide androgen-regulated genes, AR genomic landscapes, and cofactor interplay in PCa.

Main Methods:

Expression microarray and sequencing for genome-wide gene discovery.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip and ChIP-seq for mapping AR genomic landscapes.
Analysis of transcriptional cofactors and AR reprogramming in advanced PCa.

Main Results:

Identification of genome-wide androgen-regulated genes in PCa models and tissues.
Detailed mapping of AR binding profiles across the genome.
Elucidation of the role of transcriptional cofactors in AR binding.
Insights into genomic regulation and AR reprogramming in advanced PCa.

Conclusions:

High-throughput genomic technologies have significantly advanced the study of AR transcriptional regulation in PCa.
Understanding AR's genome-wide targets and binding is key to deciphering PCa progression.
Further research into AR reprogramming is crucial for advanced PCa treatment strategies.