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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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The unit rectangular pulse function is mathematically represented by a rectangular function centered at the origin with a height of one unit. This function is defined by two parameters: T, which specifies the center location of the pulse along the time axis, and τ, which determines the pulse duration.
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The unit step sequence is defined as 1 for zero and positive values of the integer n. This sequence can be graphically displayed using a set of eight sample points, showing a step function starting from n=0 and remaining constant thereafter.
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Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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A new RF tagging pulse based on the Frank poly-phase perfect sequence.

Christoffer Laustsen1, Marcus Greferath2, Steffen Ringgaard3

  • 1MR Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|September 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel radio frequency (RF) pulses for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. These phase-modulation-only pulses offer flexible spin tagging and can be easily integrated into existing MR sequences.

Keywords:
FrankMRIPoly-perfect sequenceSpin tagging

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Radio Frequency Pulse Design

Background:

  • Radio frequency (RF) spectrally selective multiband pulses, also known as tagging pulses, are crucial for various magnetic resonance (MR) techniques.
  • Existing methods often require specific sequence modifications for effective spin tagging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new phase-modulation-only RF pulse for RF tagging.
  • To present an extended version of this pulse incorporating WURST modulation.
  • To evaluate the implementation flexibility and tagging properties of these novel pulses.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel RF pulse based on the Frank poly-phase perfect sequence.
  • Introduction of an extended Frank-WURST pulse.
  • Validation through simulations and experimental MR studies.

Main Results:

  • The new phase-modulation-only RF pulses demonstrate flexible and effective spin tagging capabilities.
  • The Frank-WURST pulse offers enhanced modulation properties.
  • These pulses can seamlessly replace slice-selective pulses in existing MR sequences without requiring additional modifications.

Conclusions:

  • The developed RF pulses provide a versatile tool for spin tagging in MR.
  • Their ease of implementation simplifies integration into current MR protocols.
  • This advancement broadens the applicability of RF tagging in magnetic resonance methods.