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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Why wait? Three mechanisms selecting for environment-dependent developmental delays.

M F Scott1, S P Otto

  • 1Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|September 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Species often delay development, like seed germination, to survive harsh conditions. This study identifies thresholds for seedling survival and trade-offs that favor conditional germination, explaining this evolutionary strategy.

Keywords:
developmental delaysdisturbanceenvironmental variationgermination strategieslife-history evolutionmodellingseed dormancyserotiny

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Many species exhibit delayed development, triggered by specific environmental cues or disturbances.
  • The evolutionary advantage of developmental delays over continuous development is often assumed but not quantitatively defined.
  • Seed dormancy serves as a key example of developmental delay in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the threshold of low seedling survival required to favor environment-specific developmental delays.
  • To explore mechanisms beyond low seedling survival that can drive conditional germination.
  • To provide testable hypotheses for the evolution of environment-dependent developmental delays.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling to identify survival thresholds for conditional germination.
  • Analysis of physiological trade-offs influencing germination strategies.
  • Evaluation of demographic data to assess selection pressures from population-scale disturbances.

Main Results:

  • A threshold for seedling survival in unfavorable environments was identified, below which selection favors germination restricted to favorable conditions.
  • Physiological trade-offs can favor either conditional germination or mixed strategies depending on their nature.
  • Germination timing, particularly post-disturbance, can be a crucial factor influenced by the risk of mortality before reproduction.

Conclusions:

  • The study quantifies the conditions under which low early survival favors conditional germination.
  • It highlights physiological trade-offs and disturbance dynamics as significant, often overlooked, drivers of developmental delays.
  • Three distinct, testable hypotheses are proposed to explain the evolution of environment-dependent developmental delays in species.