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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation01:15

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

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The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

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The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography
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Right heart and pulmonary vessels structure and function.

Michele D'Alto1, Giancarlo Scognamiglio, Kostantinos Dimopoulos

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|September 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The right ventricle (RV) adapts to increased afterload via contractility and remodeling. Optimal RV-arterial coupling, crucial for heart function, is assessed by the Emax/Ea ratio, with RA area predicting outcomes in pulmonary hypertension.

Keywords:
functionpulmonary circulationright heartstructure

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Physiology
  • Pulmonary Hypertension

Background:

  • The right ventricle (RV) is uniquely adapted to low-resistance pulmonary circulation.
  • RV mass is significantly less than the left ventricle (LV), but its volume is larger.
  • The RV can adapt to increased afterload through contractility and remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the components and function of the right ventricle (RV) and right atrium (RA).
  • To explain RV-arterial coupling and its measurement.
  • To highlight the clinical significance of RV function and RA size in pulmonary hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Described RV and RA anatomy and physiology.
  • Defined maximal elastance (Emax) for contractility and arterial elastance (Ea) for afterload.
  • Introduced RV-arterial coupling (Emax/Ea ratio) and its surrogates like SV/ESV ratio.

Main Results:

  • Optimal RV-arterial coupling occurs at Emax/Ea ratios of 1.5-2.
  • In pulmonary hypertension, the stroke volume (SV)/end-systolic volume (ESV) ratio can approximate Emax/Ea.
  • Enlarged right atrial (RA) area indicates high RA pressure and predicts adverse outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • RV function and its adaptation to chronic afterload increase are critical for prognosis in severe pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart diseases, and Eisenmenger syndrome.
  • RV-arterial coupling is a key determinant of efficient energy transfer to the pulmonary circulation.
  • RA size serves as a significant predictor of clinical outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension.