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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Thyroid cancer: SEOM clinical guidelines.

J M Trigo1, J Capdevila, E Grande

  • 1Medical Oncology Service, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain.

Clinical & Translational Oncology : Official Publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico
|September 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common endocrine malignancy. Understanding TC molecular biology aids in developing targeted therapies for improved patient outcomes and management.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, representing nearly 3% of all cancers.
  • In Spain, 2013 incidence rates were 5/100,000 for women and 1.9/100,000 for men.
  • Diagnosis often follows thyroid nodule identification or incidental imaging findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of thyroid cancer (TC) molecular biology.
  • To highlight the development of new targeted therapeutic agents for TC.
  • To provide insights into effective therapeutic management strategies for TC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thyroid cancer (TC) pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of molecular biology advancements in TC.
  • Evaluation of targeted therapy development for TC.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid cancer (TC) has a generally excellent prognosis, but local recurrence affects up to 20% and distant metastases occur in ~10% at 10 years.
  • Advances in molecular biology have led to targeted agents for key TC pathways.
  • New strategies offer improved therapeutic management for TC.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced knowledge of TC molecular biology is crucial for effective treatment.
  • Targeted therapies represent a significant advancement in managing thyroid cancer.
  • Future management of TC will increasingly rely on molecularly-guided strategies.