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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation
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Evolving to the optoelectronic mouse for phycotoxin analysis in shellfish.

Katrina Campbell1, Sara E McNamee, Anne-Catherine Huet

  • 1Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK, katrina.campbell@qub.ac.uk.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|September 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

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The mouse bioassay (MBA) for shellfish toxins is being replaced by a novel biosensor. This artificial mouse technology enables simultaneous detection of multiple phycotoxins, offering a faster and more efficient alternative for seafood safety.

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Food Safety
  • Biosensing Technology

Background:

  • The mouse bioassay (MBA) is the global reference method for phycotoxin analysis in shellfish, despite ethical and technical drawbacks.
  • Existing alternative methods like HPLC and LC-MS are toxin-specific, requiring separate analyses and complex procedures.
  • There is a need for a unified, rapid detection platform for multiple regulated and emerging phycotoxins in seafood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the suitability of a prototype multiplex surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor as an 'artificial mouse' for phycotoxin detection.
  • To assess the simultaneous detection capabilities for key regulated phycotoxins (domoic acid, okadaic acid, saxitoxin) and the emerging toxin palytoxin.
  • To validate the biosensor's performance using a one-step extraction procedure and determine its detection limits and capabilities.

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Main Methods:

  • Utilized a prototype multiplex SPR biosensor with separate flow channels for simultaneous toxin analysis.
  • Developed a one-step extraction procedure for shellfish matrix.
  • Performed calibration curve analysis for domoic acid, okadaic acid, saxitoxin, and palytoxin in shellfish.

Main Results:

  • The prototype SPR biosensor achieved detection limits (IC20) of 4,000 μg/kg for domoic acid, 36 μg/kg for okadaic acid, 144 μg/kg for saxitoxin, and 46 μg/kg for palytoxin.
  • The one-step extraction procedure yielded recoveries greater than 80% for all tested toxins.
  • Validation parameters, including decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ), were established for key toxins.

Conclusions:

  • The prototype multiplex SPR biosensor shows significant promise as a rapid, real-time, and simultaneous detection platform for multiple phycotoxins in shellfish.
  • This 'artificial mouse' technology offers a potential replacement for the conventional MBA, addressing its limitations.
  • The developed method is suitable for screening regulated and emerging phycotoxins, enhancing seafood safety monitoring.