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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Evaluation of pituitary function.

Kelly Cheer1, Peter J Trainer1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Patients needing pituitary function monitoring has increased due to cancer treatments and brain injuries. Early detection of hypopituitarism relies on medical history, examination, and biochemical tests for accurate diagnosis and management.

Keywords:
Pituitaryadrenaldiagnostic testgrowth hormone deficiencyhypogonadismprolactinstimulation testsuppression testthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Improved survival rates for central nervous system (CNS) and head and neck cancers necessitate long-term patient monitoring.
  • Hypopituitarism is increasingly recognized following traumatic brain injury and other CNS insults.
  • A growing number of patients require ongoing assessment of pituitary function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a systematic approach for investigating patients at risk of hypopituitarism.
  • To detail the methods for performing and interpreting basal and dynamic pituitary function tests.
  • To emphasize the importance of risk factors, medical history, and examination in diagnosing hypopituitarism.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive medical history and physical examination to identify risk factors.
  • Biochemical evaluation, including basal and dynamic testing of pituitary hormone reserve.
  • Radiological imaging to aid in determining the etiology of hypopituitarism.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis of hypopituitarism is primarily based on biochemical evaluation.
  • Radiology can assist in identifying the underlying cause of pituitary dysfunction.
  • Understanding risk factors is crucial for appropriate biochemical testing.

Conclusions:

  • A rational, evidence-based approach to investigating hypopituitarism is essential.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical assessment and targeted biochemical testing.
  • Effective long-term monitoring ensures timely management of pituitary dysfunction.