Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

3.5K
Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
3.5K
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

9
Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
9
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:28

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

1.9K
Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
1.9K
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

10
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
10
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

12
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
12
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

1.3K
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Psychosocial Outcomes in Patients Who Participated in a Hospital-Based Family Involvement Program After Major Abdominal Oncological Surgery: A Preplanned Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study.

Psycho-oncology·2026
Same author

The effect of active vitamin D supplementation on body weight and composition: A meta-analysis of individual participant data.

Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)·2024
Same author

Surgical outcomes in surgical oncology patients who participated in a family involvement program.

Surgery·2024
Same author

Glycodeoxycholic Acid Inhibits Primary Bile Acid Synthesis With Minor Effects on Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis in Humans.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2024
Same author

Family caregiver outcomes after participating in a hospital-based family involvement program after major gastrointestinal surgery: a subgroup analysis of a patient preferred cohort study.

International journal of surgery (London, England)·2024
Same author

Characterization of Postprandial Bile Acid Profiles and Glucose Metabolism in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis.

Nutrients·2023
Same journal

Preface.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Foreword.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

The electroretinogram as a means to study the physiology of the retina.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Modeling the human retina in a dish: Advances and future directions.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.5K

Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma.

Johannes A Romijn1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cabergoline is the preferred treatment for prolactinomas, effectively normalizing prolactin levels and reducing tumor size. A stepwise cabergoline regimen shows promise for dopamine agonist-resistant cases.

Keywords:
Prolactinomadopamine agonistshyperprolactinemiapituitaryprolactinreview

More Related Videos

X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models
12:57

X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models

Published on: December 9, 2022

2.1K
Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
09:48

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

Published on: February 25, 2022

3.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.5K
X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models
12:57

X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models

Published on: December 9, 2022

2.1K
Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
09:48

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

Published on: February 25, 2022

3.9K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Prolactinomas, the most common pituitary adenomas, cause hyperprolactinemia through excessive prolactin production.
  • Hyperprolactinemia can also be secondary to other conditions or decreased prolactin clearance.
  • Cabergoline is generally preferred over bromocriptine for treating prolactinomas due to higher efficacy and better side-effect profile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding and treatment of prolactinomas.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of cabergoline, including novel dosing strategies, for prolactinoma management.
  • To discuss safety considerations and potential withdrawal of dopamine agonist therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on prolactinomas and their treatment with dopamine agonists.
  • Analysis of the effectiveness of cabergoline in normalizing prolactin levels and reducing tumor size.
  • Assessment of safety data, including cardiac adverse effects, and considerations for treatment withdrawal.

Main Results:

  • Cabergoline demonstrates superior efficacy in normalizing prolactin and reducing prolactinoma size compared to bromocriptine.
  • A standardized, individualized, stepwise, dose-escalating cabergoline regimen may be effective in dopamine agonist-resistant patients.
  • Cardiac adverse effects are generally not a clinical concern at typical prolactinoma treatment doses, but echocardiographic follow-up warrants consideration.
  • Dopamine agonist withdrawal can be considered in well-controlled cases, particularly in postmenopausal women, but recurrence is possible.

Conclusions:

  • Cabergoline is the first-line treatment for prolactinomas, offering significant benefits in hormonal normalization and tumor shrinkage.
  • Individualized, dose-escalating cabergoline regimens present a viable option for resistant cases.
  • Careful consideration of treatment duration and monitoring, alongside potential for withdrawal, is essential in prolactinoma management.