Neuroendocrine mechanisms in athletes

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Sports Medicine
• Bone Metabolism

Background:

• Athletic activity can alter neuroendocrine axes, especially with low energy availability.
• Genetic factors and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) may increase risk for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea in athletes.
• Hormonal changes aim to conserve energy or utilize reserves, impacting body composition and bone metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

• To examine the neuroendocrine and metabolic consequences of athletic activity, particularly concerning energy availability.
• To highlight the prevalence and risks associated with the female athlete triad.
• To emphasize the importance of early screening and intervention for the female athlete triad.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on athletic activity, energy availability, and neuroendocrine function.
• Analysis of hormonal changes and their impact on body composition and bone metabolism.
• Discussion of the female athlete triad and its components: low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone density.

Main Results:

• Low energy availability in athletes triggers adaptive hormonal changes that can lead to altered body composition and bone metabolism.
• Impaired bone accrual in young athletes and low bone density in older athletes are significant pathological consequences.
• The female athlete triad is common in endurance sports, gymnastics, and ballet.

Conclusions:

• Early identification and management of the female athlete triad are essential for preserving bone health and optimizing athletic performance.
• Comprehensive screening during preparticipation physicals and office visits is recommended.
• An effective multidisciplinary treatment team is vital for managing the female athlete triad effectively.