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Related Concept Videos

Skewness01:06

Skewness

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The measures of central tendency calculated from a data set may not reveal much about its intrinsic distribution. If a plot is made of the data set’s values, the mean and the median may not only differ, but also the plot may have more values on one side of the central tendencies. Such a data set is said to be skewed towards that side.
The longer the tail of the plot on one side, the more skewed it is. The skewness of a data set’s values suggests that the measures of central tendency...
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Types of Skewness01:09

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If the frequency distribution of a data set is more inclined towards smaller or larger values, the distribution is said to be skewed. If data values are skewed to the right, then the distribution is called positively skewed. Conversely, if the plot is skewed to the left, the distribution is called negatively skewed.
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Skew deviation: clinical updates for ophthalmologists.

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Skew deviation, a vertical eye misalignment, is diagnosed by ocular torsion and vertical deviation, often linked to posterior fossa lesions. Early identification aids in managing neurological symptoms and visual disturbances.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Neuro-ophthalmology

Background:

  • Skew deviation is a vertical misalignment of the eyes.
  • It is associated with neurological symptoms and signs, typically indicating a posterior fossa lesion.
  • Distinguishing skew deviation from trochlear nerve palsy is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current diagnostic approaches for skew deviation.
  • To discuss recent findings regarding the localization of lesions causing skew deviation.
  • To provide an overview of management strategies for skew deviation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic criteria for skew deviation.
  • Analysis of clinical findings differentiating skew deviation from other vertical strabismus.
  • Correlation of lesion localization with clinical presentation.

Main Results:

  • Skew deviation is characterized by vertical eye misalignment not attributable to cyclovertical muscles, accompanied by neurological signs and posterior fossa lesions.
  • Key diagnostic features include ocular torsion direction and positional changes in vertical deviation.
  • Common causes include ischemia in the pons, thalamus, or cerebellum; less common causes include demyelination, masses, infection, hemorrhage, or intracranial hypertension.
  • Skew deviation can occur with acute vestibular syndrome if vestibular nuclei are involved.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of skew deviation relies on assessing ocular torsion, vertical deviation, and identifying lesions in the posterior paramedian pons and/or medial thalamus.
  • Prisms can manage small deviations, while surgery may be necessary for larger deviations or significant ocular torsion.