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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

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The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Human Virome01:26

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

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Microbes central to human reproduction.

Gregor Reid1, Patrizia Brigidi, Jeremy P Burton

  • 1Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.

American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
|September 25, 2014
PubMed
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Microbes are increasingly recognized for their role in human health, reproduction, and disease prevention. Understanding these microbe-host interactions promises to revolutionize medical practices and enhance well-being.

Keywords:
Lactobacillimastitismicrobiotareproduction

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Health
  • Medical Science

Background:

  • Emerging research highlights the extensive role of microbes in human life, impacting health and longevity.
  • Microbes are implicated in reproduction, fetal development, disease onset, and overall human well-being.
  • New evidence suggests beneficial microbial roles in traditionally sterile body sites.

Framework:

  • The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) meeting in 2014 challenged established concepts.
  • Discussions focused on novel views of microbe-host interactions and their implications.
  • The framework emphasizes the need to recognize and understand these interactions.

Implementation:

  • This article summarizes key discussions from the ISAPP meeting.
  • It highlights new perspectives on the role of microbes in maternal and infant health.
  • The content aims to inform about evolving scientific understanding.

Implications:

  • Recognition of microbe-host interactions will significantly alter medical dogma.
  • Understanding these roles offers hope for improved health and longevity.
  • Future medical strategies may involve manipulating microbial functions for therapeutic benefits.