Implementation of transportation distance for analyzing FLIM and FRET experiments

Analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments in living cells is usually based on mean lifetimes computations. However, these mean lifetimes can induce misinterpretations. We propose in this work the implementation of the transportation distance for FLIM and FRET experiments in vivo. This non-fitting indicator, which is easy to compute, reflects the similarity between two distributions and can be used for pixels clustering to improve the estimation of the FRET parameters. We study the robustness and the discriminating power of this transportation distance, both theoretically and numerically. In addition, a comparison study with the largely used mean lifetime differences is performed. We finally demonstrate practically the benefits of the transportation distance over the usual mean lifetime differences for both FLIM and FRET experiments in living cells.