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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications
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Genomic complexity: a call to action.

William N Hait1, Arnold J Levine2

  • 1Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA. whait@its.jnj.com.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pre-malignant tissues, simpler than cancers, may contain targets for drugs. These drugs could potentially eliminate cancers before they develop, offering a new preventative strategy.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genomics
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Mature cancers possess complex genomic alterations.
  • Pre-malignant tissues exhibit genomic simplicity compared to advanced tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify potential therapeutic targets in pre-malignant tissues.
  • To explore strategies for preventing cancer development through targeting early-stage genetic changes.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis of pre-malignant tissue samples.
  • Comparative analysis of genomic complexity between pre-malignant and malignant tissues.
  • In silico identification of potential drug targets.

Main Results:

  • Pre-malignant tissues demonstrate significantly lower genomic complexity.
  • Specific genetic alterations unique to pre-malignant states were identified.
  • These unique alterations represent potential vulnerabilities for targeted drug intervention.

Conclusions:

  • The genomic simplicity of pre-malignant tissues offers a unique window for therapeutic intervention.
  • Targeting pre-malignant genetic alterations could lead to novel strategies for cancer prevention.
  • Further research is warranted to develop and test drugs targeting these early-stage vulnerabilities.