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Related Concept Videos

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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...
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Phloem development: current knowledge and future perspectives.

Jung-Ok Heo1, Pawel Roszak1, Kaori M Furuta1

  • 1Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.

American Journal of Botany
|September 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phloem, crucial for plant communication, relies on sieve elements (SEs) and companion cells (CCs). Understanding the molecular basis of phloem continuity, essential for nutrient transport and development, remains a key research challenge.

Keywords:
companion cellscontinuitydevelopmentphloemsieve elements

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • Phloem is a vital plant tissue responsible for long-distance transport of nutrients and signaling molecules.
  • Functional phloem comprises sieve elements (SEs) and companion cells (CCs), with SEs being enucleated and CCs supporting their function via plasmodesmata (PD).
  • Despite extensive research since 1837, the precise molecular mechanisms governing phloem continuity remain largely unknown due to technical challenges in studying sensitive SEs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural and functional aspects of phloem, focusing on the establishment and maintenance of its continuity.
  • To address the persistent knowledge gaps regarding the molecular underpinnings of phloem function.
  • To synthesize current understanding and highlight areas for future research in phloem biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent advancements in phloem research.
  • Analysis of microscopy and histology techniques applied to phloem studies.
  • Synthesis of data concerning phloem anatomy, function, and cell-cell communication.

Main Results:

  • Phloem's role in symplastic connections throughout the plant body is critical for nutrient delivery and signaling.
  • Significant progress in understanding phloem anatomy and function occurred in the mid-20th century.
  • Despite advancements, the molecular details of phloem continuity establishment and maintenance are still elusive.

Conclusions:

  • Phloem is essential for plant growth, development, and signaling, facilitating long-distance transport.
  • Overcoming technical hurdles has improved our knowledge of phloem structure and function.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling phloem continuity.