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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
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Acetyl Radical Generation in Cigarette Smoke: Quantification and Simulations.

Na Hu1, Sarah A Green1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.

Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England : 1994)
|September 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers quantified acetyl radicals in cigarette smoke, revealing formation mechanisms through computer simulations. These findings shed light on the health risks associated with tobacco smoke exposure.

Keywords:
acetyl radicalfree radicalsisoprenekinetic simulationreactive oxygen speciestobacco smoke

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Free radicals in cigarette smoke pose health risks.
  • Formation mechanisms of these radicals are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Quantify acetyl radicals in tobacco smoke.
  • Investigate acetyl radical generation mechanisms using computer simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Acetyl radicals were trapped using 3-amino-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-proxyl (3AP).
  • Analysis involved HPLC, MS-MS/MS, and LC-MS.
  • Computer simulations utilized the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM).

Main Results:

  • Quantified 10-150 nmol/cigarette of acetyl radicals in tobacco smoke.
  • Puff smoking and particle filtration increased detected radicals.
  • Simulations confirmed NO/NO2-initiated reactions generate acetyl radicals from isoprene and acetaldehyde.

Conclusions:

  • Proposed mechanisms accurately predict experimental acetyl radical yields.
  • Identified pathways for acetyl radical formation in cigarette smoke.
  • Similar mechanisms may contribute to second-hand smoke toxicity.