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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

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The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
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Bacterial colonization and intestinal mucosal barrier development.

Xiao-Zhong Huang1, Li-Bin Zhu1, Zhong-Rong Li1

  • 1Xiao-Zhong Huang, Li-Bin Zhu, Zhong-Rong Li, Jing Lin, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.

World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
|September 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome, established early in life, is crucial for infant health. Disruptions in this microbial community are linked to pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.

Keywords:
Bacterial colonizationIntestinal barrierIntestinal microfloraMicrobiotaNeonatal necrotizing enterocolitisNosocomial infectionPremature infantsShort chain fatty acids

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The infant intestinal tract is colonized by microflora influenced by delivery mode, diet, and antibiotics.
  • Normal gut microbiota protects against infection, aids digestion, and maintains intestinal barrier function.
  • Commensal microorganisms are vital for immune system development and regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the intestinal microbiota ecosystem.
  • To explore the role of microbiota in regulating intestinal barrier function.
  • To discuss the link between microbiota and pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific advances.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on intestinal microbiota.
  • Analysis of the microbiota's role in health and disease.

Main Results:

  • Intestinal microbiota plays a key role in barrier function, immune development, and nutrient processing.
  • Alterations in gut flora are associated with gastrointestinal diseases.
  • Disruption of normal microflora can contribute to inflammatory bowel disease, nosocomial infections, and necrotizing enterocolitis.

Conclusions:

  • A stable gut microflora is essential for infant health.
  • Understanding the gut microbiome is critical for managing pediatric gastrointestinal disorders.
  • Further research into microbiota-host interactions can inform therapeutic strategies.