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Related Concept Videos

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

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In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Procedures of Laboratory Fumigation for Pest Control with Nitric Oxide Gas
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Organic nitrates: past, present and future.

Maria S França-Silva1, Camille M Balarini2, Josiane C Cruz1

  • 1Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58037-760, Brazil.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitric oxide (NO) is vital for vasodilation, and NO-releasing drugs offer therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases. This study explores new organic nitrates to overcome tolerance issues associated with current treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Pharmacology
  • Endothelial Function
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a key vasodilator produced by the endothelium, crucial for cardiovascular health.
  • Deficiencies in the NO/cGMP signaling pathway are implicated in various cardiovascular diseases.
  • Organic nitrates are established NO donors, but chronic use can lead to tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the development of novel NO-releasing organic nitrates.
  • To investigate mechanisms underlying nitrate tolerance.
  • To evaluate new organic nitrates for preclinical application in cardiovascular disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanisms of nitrate tolerance.
  • Development of novel organic nitrate compounds.
  • Preclinical assessment of new compounds in cardiovascular models.

Main Results:

  • Discussion of established mechanisms of nitrate tolerance.
  • Presentation of novel organic nitrate compounds developed by the group.
  • Highlighting preclinical efficacy of these new compounds in cardiovascular settings.

Conclusions:

  • Novel organic nitrates offer a promising therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Addressing nitrate tolerance is key to improving long-term efficacy.
  • Further preclinical development of these novel NO donors is warranted.