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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
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Olfactory sensory system develops from coordinated movements within the neural plate.

Jorge Torres-Paz1, Kathleen E Whitlock

  • 1Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaiso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|September 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory placodes develop from a continuous neural ectoderm sheet, not separate induction. Their formation involves coordinated cell movements similar to optic cup development in the early nervous system.

Keywords:
dlx3emx1neural crestolfactory bulbolfactory placodesox10time-lapse

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Embryology

Background:

  • Peripheral olfactory sensory system develops from placodes.
  • Placode development occurs after somitogenesis and is often considered separate from central nervous system development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental origins and cellular mechanisms of olfactory placodes.
  • To clarify the relationship between olfactory placode development and the formation of the central nervous system.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing modern techniques to track neurectoderm development.
  • Observing coordinated cell movements during embryonic development.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory placodes arise from a continuous neurectoderm sheet, also forming the anterior neural tube.
  • Cell movements for olfactory placodes are coordinated with optic cup and telencephalon development.
  • Basal lamina formation coincides with cranial neural crest migration.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory placodes are transient structures originating from a unified neurectoderm field specified during gastrulation.
  • Their development is not a secondary induction from ectoderm.
  • Separation from the telencephalon involves complex neural plate cell movements, analogous to optic cup formation.