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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Hypothalamic control of bone metabolism.

Kunal Sharan1, Vijay K Yadav2

  • 1Systems Biology of Bone Laboratory, Department of Mouse and Zebrafish Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|September 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The hypothalamus and hormonal signals dynamically regulate bone mass through bone remodeling. Genetics research in mice and humans reveals how these hypothalamic circuits coordinate energy metabolism with bone density.

Keywords:
bonebrainstemleptinserotoninsympathetic tone

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Bone remodeling is a continuous, energy-intensive process vital for skeletal integrity.
  • Bone mass is influenced by the interplay between nutritional cues, metabolic signals, and hypothalamic circuits.
  • Understanding the hypothalamus's role in bone regulation is crucial for metabolic and skeletal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how mouse and human genetics have illuminated the hypothalamus's role in bone mass regulation.
  • To explore the hormonal signals and neural circuits involved in hypothalamic control of bone.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which the hypothalamus dynamically regulates bone remodeling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic studies in mouse and human models.
  • Analysis of hormonal signaling pathways impacting bone metabolism.
  • Investigation of hypothalamic neural circuits governing energy homeostasis and bone density.

Main Results:

  • Genetic insights have identified key hormonal and neural pathways originating from or influencing the hypothalamus.
  • These pathways demonstrate a significant interplay between energy metabolism and bone mass regulation.
  • The hypothalamus acts as a central coordinator for bone remodeling based on systemic energy status.

Conclusions:

  • The hypothalamus plays a critical role in gating and dynamically regulating bone mass.
  • Understanding these neuro-skeletal connections offers therapeutic targets for metabolic and bone disorders.
  • Genetic approaches are powerful tools for dissecting the complex regulation of bone by the central nervous system.