Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Area of Science:

• Hepatology
• Oncology
• Public Health

Background:

• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often diagnosed at a late, incurable stage, leading to poor prognosis.
• Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes and curability for HCC.
• Effective surveillance programs are essential for identifying at-risk populations and enabling early diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the critical role of surveillance in improving hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) outcomes.
• To underscore the components necessary for an effective HCC surveillance program.
• To advocate for the implementation of HCC surveillance based on available evidence and expert consensus.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing evidence on the efficacy of liver cancer surveillance.
• Analysis of cost-effectiveness studies related to HCC screening.
• Consensus recommendations from major hepatology and liver disease societies.

Main Results:

• While high-quality evidence is scarce, numerous lower-quality studies and cost-effectiveness analyses indicate that surveillance decreases HCC mortality.
• Surveillance programs effectively identify at-risk individuals, utilize appropriate tests, and include diagnostic confirmation methods.
• Expert bodies universally recommend HCC surveillance.

Conclusions:

• Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance is a viable strategy for improving patient survival.
• Despite limitations in high-quality evidence, the benefits of HCC surveillance are supported by multiple indicators and expert consensus.
• Implementation of recommended surveillance protocols is crucial for managing HCC.