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Classification and evolution of human rhinoviruses.

Ann C Palmenberg1, James E Gern

  • 1Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA, acpalmen@wisc.edu.

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Human rhinoviruses (RV) are now classified by sequencing, replacing older serotyping methods. This new system accommodates future virus types while recognizing three species: RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C, with RV-C linked to severe childhood illness.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Traditional human rhinovirus (RV) classification relied on serotyping, which proved cumbersome with increasing viral diversity.
  • Serotyping limitations necessitated a more robust and scalable classification system for human rhinoviruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and explain the shift from serotyping to comparative sequencing for human rhinovirus (RV) classification.
  • To detail the criteria for establishing new RV types based on genetic divergence.
  • To highlight the characteristics and significance of the three recognized RV species: RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative sequencing of viral capsid genes to determine genetic relatedness.
  • Establishing a divergence threshold (>12-13% pairwise base identities) for distinguishing immunologically distinct RV types.
  • Analyzing capsid structure, receptor usage, and clinical associations for newly identified RV species.

Main Results:

  • A new nomenclature system based on comparative sequencing has replaced historical serotyping for human rhinoviruses.
  • The system allows for the incorporation of novel RV types while preserving historical classifications.
  • Three species are currently recognized: RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C, with RV-C exhibiting unique characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Comparative sequencing offers a logical and adaptable framework for classifying human rhinoviruses.
  • The RV-C species, identified in 2006, presents distinct features and is associated with severe pediatric disease.
  • The updated classification facilitates better understanding and management of human rhinovirus infections.