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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms
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Skin aging, gene expression and calcium.

Mark Rinnerthaler1, Maria Karolin Streubel1, Johannes Bischof1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

Experimental Gerontology
|September 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skin aging disrupts the epidermal calcium gradient, crucial for keratinocyte renewal and differentiation. This loss impairs skin barrier function and affects gene expression, mirroring changes seen in certain skin diseases.

Keywords:
AgingAtopic dermatitisCalciumCalcium gradientCalcium metabolismCornified envelopeDarier diseaseHailey–Hailey diseaseInvolucrinKeratinocyte differentiationLoricrinPsoriasisS100 proteinsSPRRsSkin aging

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The epidermis acts as a vital barrier, maintained by constant keratinocyte renewal originating from stem cells.
  • Skin aging is characterized by reduced keratinocyte turnover, epidermal thinning, and impaired barrier function.
  • Calcium ions are essential for keratinocyte differentiation, playing a critical role in epidermal homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms underlying epidermal calcium gradient formation and its loss during skin aging.
  • To discuss the impact of disturbed calcium homeostasis on gene expression and cornified envelope composition in aged skin.
  • To explore the relevance of epidermal calcium gradient loss in skin aging and diseases like Darier disease, Hailey-Hailey disease, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on epidermal calcium homeostasis, skin aging, and related dermatological conditions.
  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in calcium gradient establishment and disruption.
  • Comparative study of calcium gradient alterations in aging skin versus specific skin diseases.

Main Results:

  • The epidermal calcium gradient, vital for keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, is lost during skin aging.
  • Disturbed calcium homeostasis in aged skin leads to altered gene expression and changes in the cornified envelope.
  • Loss of the epidermal calcium gradient is a shared feature between skin aging and several inflammatory and genetic skin diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Restoring epidermal calcium homeostasis may offer therapeutic strategies for skin aging and related disorders.
  • Understanding the role of calcium gradients provides insights into the pathogenesis of skin aging and diseases.
  • The epidermal calcium gradient is a key factor in maintaining skin barrier integrity and function throughout life.