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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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The proteome under translational control.

Daria Gawron1, Kris Gevaert, Petra Van Damme

  • 1Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Proteomics
|September 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding alternative translation is key to defining the full proteome. Integrative omics approaches help map translation initiation and identify novel proteoforms, aiding genome annotation.

Keywords:
Alternative translation initiationN-terminomicsProteogenomicsRibosome profilingSystems biologyTranslational control

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genes generate diverse protein forms (proteoforms) through genetic variation and gene expression regulation.
  • Alternative splicing and alternative translation significantly contribute to proteome complexity.
  • Identifying proteoforms arising from alternative translation initiation sites and reading frames is a challenge in current proteomics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore contemporary integrative omics approaches for studying alternative translation.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of translational control by combining proteomics with other omics data.
  • To improve the comprehensive definition and mapping of proteoforms generated by alternative translation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing integrative omics, combining proteomics with DNA and/or RNA data.
  • Leveraging transcriptome and translatome data to create customized, sample-specific protein sequence databases for mass spectrometry (MS).
  • Mapping the translation (initiation) landscape.

Main Results:

  • Developed methods to identify proteoforms arising from alternative translation initiation and reading frames.
  • Demonstrated the benefit of integrating omics data for MS-based proteoform identification.
  • Enabled more comprehensive definition of the proteoform inventory.

Conclusions:

  • Integrative omics approaches are crucial for understanding alternative translation.
  • These methods enhance the identification and characterization of proteoforms.
  • This work assists in the re-annotation of genomes by providing a clearer picture of the proteome.