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Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Asthma-I: Introduction

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

The intestinal microbiota and allergic asthma.

Marie-Claire Arrieta¹, Brett Finlay²

¹Michael Smith Laboratories, 301 - 2185 East Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.

The Journal of Infection

|September 30, 2014

Summary

Early life microbial exposure is crucial for immune development. Disruptions to the gut microbiota, often from antibiotics, are linked to increased allergic asthma risk.

Keywords:

Asthma Hygiene hypothesis Microbiota Regulatory T cells

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

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Cultivation of Heligmosomoides Polygyrus: An Immunomodulatory Nematode Parasite and its Secreted Products

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Murine Model of Allergen Induced Asthma

Murine Model of Allergen Induced Asthma

Published on: May 14, 2012

Area of Science:

Environmental health
Microbiology
Immunology

Background:

Rising incidence of asthma and immune-mediated diseases correlates with modern lifestyle factors.
Antibiotic use and caesarean sections are modern advances potentially impacting early life microbial exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the link between early life microbial exposure and allergic asthma.
To investigate the role of gut microbiota perturbations in asthma development.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological studies on microbial exposure and asthma.
Analysis of animal studies examining antibiotic effects on the immune system and asthma.

Main Results:

Epidemiological data suggest a correlation between reduced early microbial exposure and allergic asthma.
Animal models demonstrate that early antibiotic-induced microbiota changes significantly affect immune mechanisms relevant to asthma.

Conclusions:

Perturbations in the intestinal microbiota, potentially influenced by early life factors like antibiotic use, are implicated as a cause of allergic asthma.
Further research into the gut-lung axis and microbial exposures is warranted for asthma prevention and treatment strategies.