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Related Concept Videos

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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The Representativeness Heuristic02:13

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The representative heuristic describes a biased way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. For example, you may assume that your professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with your stereotypes of professors.
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Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

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Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
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Self-Serving Bias01:29

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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Related Experiment Video

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The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups
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Individual expertise versus domain expertise.

James Shanteau1, David J Weiss2

  • 1Kansas State University.

The American Psychologist
|September 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This commentary discusses expertise in psychotherapy, proposing a performance-based perspective. It highlights three key distinctions emerging from recent research on professional expertise.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Professional Studies

Background:

  • The nature of expertise in psychotherapy has been debated.
  • Recent research has advanced understanding of expertise across various professional domains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comment on the question of whether psychotherapy lacks expertise.
  • To present a relativistic, performance-based perspective on expertise.
  • To highlight recent distinctions in expertise research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on expertise.
  • Application of a performance-based criteria framework.
  • Analysis of distinctions within expertise research.

Main Results:

  • Expertise is best understood through performance-based criteria.

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  • Three significant distinctions have emerged in the study of expertise.
  • Psychotherapy can be understood within a framework of professional expertise.

    • Conclusions:

    • The relativistic perspective offers a nuanced view of expertise.
    • Understanding expertise requires focusing on demonstrable performance.
    • Further research can clarify the specific expertise within psychotherapy.