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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

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Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of...
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Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma
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Clear cell melanoma: a cutaneous clear cell malignancy.

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  • 1From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Pletneva, Andea, Palanisamy, Betz, Wang, Patel, Fullen, and Harms, and Ms Carskadon) and Dermatology (Drs Andea Patel, Fullen, and Harms), and the Michigan Center for Translational Pathology (Drs Palanisamy and Harms, and Ms Carskadon), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.

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Clear cell melanoma, a rare malignancy, is accurately diagnosed using immunohistochemical, morphologic, and molecular findings. These methods help differentiate it from other tumors and confirm its presence.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatopathology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Pathology

Background:

  • Clear cell melanoma is a rare malignancy characterized by clear cell morphology.
  • Accurate diagnosis is challenging due to its rarity and potential mimicry of other tumors.
  • Distinguishing clear cell melanoma from clear cell sarcoma and other clear cell neoplasms is critical.

Observation:

  • A case study of an 86-year-old man with a helix lesion is presented.
  • Histologic examination revealed an ulcerated clear cell malignant tumor with intracytoplasmic glycogen.
  • Immunohistochemical analysis showed positivity for S100, HMB-45, and Melan-A, and negativity for cytokeratins, p63, and smooth muscle actin.

Findings:

  • Molecular studies identified a BRAF V600E mutation and copy gains at 6p25 (RREB1) and 11q13 (CCND1) loci.
  • Absence of EWSR1-ATF1 fusion ruled out clear cell sarcoma.
  • These integrated findings confirmed the diagnosis of clear cell melanoma.

Implications:

  • The accumulation of intracytoplasmic glycogen explains the clear cell morphology.
  • Immunohistochemistry and molecular studies are essential tools for diagnosing clear cell melanoma.
  • Understanding the diagnostic criteria aids in managing this rare clear cell malignancy.