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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Generation, Amplification, and Titration of Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
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Generation, Amplification, and Titration of Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

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Self-replicating alphavirus RNA vaccines.

Karl Ljungberg1, Peter Liljeström

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Expert Review of Vaccines
|October 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recombinant nucleic acid vaccines, including mRNA and self-replicating RNA vaccines, offer a promising, stable, and cost-effective alternative to traditional vaccines. Pre-clinical and early clinical trials show encouraging results for infectious diseases and cancer.

Keywords:
RNA vaccineadjuvantalphaviruselectroporationprime-boostrepliconself-replicating RNAvaccine

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Protocol for Recombinant RBD-based SARS Vaccines: Protein Preparation, Animal Vaccination and Neutralization Detection
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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Recombinant nucleic acid vaccines represent a next-generation approach to vaccination.
  • They mimic live attenuated vaccines without reversion risk and stimulate innate immunity.
  • Nucleic acid vaccines are stable, cost-effective, and easy to produce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review self-replicating RNA vaccines derived from alphavirus expression vectors.
  • To discuss the potential of messenger RNA (mRNA) and replicon vaccines.
  • To highlight pre-clinical and clinical findings for these novel vaccine platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pre-clinical evaluations of RNA, DNA, and recombinant virus particle delivery platforms.
  • Analysis of early-stage human clinical trial data.
  • Focus on alphavirus-based self-replicating RNA vaccine technology.

Main Results:

  • Pre-clinical studies against infectious diseases and cancer have yielded encouraging results.
  • First human clinical trials for these vaccine types have shown promising outcomes.
  • Self-replicating RNA vaccines demonstrate potential for broad applicability.

Conclusions:

  • Self-replicating RNA and mRNA vaccines are promising technology platforms.
  • These novel vaccines are suitable for diverse applications, including infectious diseases and cancer.
  • Encouraging pre-clinical and clinical data support further development.