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Related Concept Videos

Otto and Diesel Cycle01:27

Otto and Diesel Cycle

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An Otto engine is a four-stroke engine that uses a mixture of gasoline and air as the working fuel. The fuel is injected into the cylinder, and the piston is moved completely down so that the cylinder is at maximum volume. By moving the piston up, adiabatic compression takes place. The spark plug ignites the gasoline-air mixture, and the burning fuel adds heat to the system at a constant volume. The heated mixture expands adiabatically and gets further cooled by exhausting heat, and this cyclic...
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Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the efficiency of the reversal, that is, maximize the work retrieved from heat. If the efficiency of a heat engine were 100%, it would imply reversing the process completely without introducing any other effect. Thus, it would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Journal bearings are mechanical components that support and provide lateral stability to rotating shafts and axles. They are crucial in reducing friction, wear, and vibration in machinery such as engines, turbines, and pumps. The principle behind journal bearings is forming a thin lubricant film between the bearing surface and the rotating shaft, which minimizes direct contact and reduces frictional forces.
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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
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[Current news from the BIKER register].

G Horneff1, K Minden, I Foeldvari

  • 1Kinderrheumazentrum Sankt Augustin, Zentrum für Allgemeine Pädiatrie und Neonatologie, Asklepios Klinik, Arnold-Janssen Str. 29, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Deutschland, g.horneff@asklepios.com.

Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie
|October 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Innovative biologic therapies for juvenile idiopathic arthritis aim for rapid remission and reduced disability. A new pharmacovigilance register monitors drug safety, including acute and long-term tolerance, to ensure treatment effectiveness and patient well-being.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Rheumatology
  • Pediatrics

Context:

  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treatment has advanced with innovative pharmacotherapies, particularly biologics.
  • These advancements enable new therapeutic targets focused on rapid disease remission.

Purpose:

  • To address the challenges in monitoring the safety of new JIA therapies.
  • To establish a system for assessing drug safety, acute tolerance, and long-term safety.

Summary:

  • The Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology has initiated an early register.
  • This register records treatment improvements and independently evaluates drug safety data.
  • It aims to provide comprehensive pharmacovigilance for biologic treatments in JIA.

Impact:

  • Facilitates the prevention of joint damage and disability in children with JIA.
  • Enhances the safe and effective application of novel JIA pharmacotherapies.
  • Supports evidence-based decision-making in pediatric rheumatology care.