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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection
04:04

Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection

Published on: August 15, 2025

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Tumour necrosis factor inhibitor-associated sinusitis.

S Yoshihara, K Kondo, K Kanaya

    Rhinology
    |October 2, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors can cause chronic sinusitis, a new disease entity. This condition, seen in about 2% of patients, may require treatment adjustments or cessation of TNF inhibitors.

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    Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
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    Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo
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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Otolaryngology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are increasingly used to treat inflammatory diseases.
    • The potential side effects of TNF inhibitors are being actively investigated.
    • Chronic sinusitis is a common condition with various etiologies.

    Observation:

    • A retrospective review identified five patients who developed chronic sinusitis after initiating TNF inhibitor therapy.
    • The incidence of refractory sinusitis associated with TNF inhibitors was approximately 2% in the reviewed patient cohort.
    • Etanercept and infliximab were the TNF inhibitors used by the affected patients.

    Findings:

    • Maxillary sinusitis was the most common presentation.
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant pathogen identified in sinus cultures.
    • Treatment outcomes varied, with some patients responding to antibiotics while others required cessation of TNF inhibitors or surgical intervention.

    Implications:

    • Chronic sinusitis associated with TNF inhibitors may represent a distinct clinical entity.
    • Increased awareness and recognition of this condition are crucial given the expanding use of TNF inhibitors.
    • Further research is warranted to elucidate the pathogenesis and optimize management strategies for this specific type of sinusitis.