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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The Skin Microbiota01:27

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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The microbiome revolution.

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    The human microbiome, a complex community of microbes, significantly impacts health and disease. Understanding these gut microbes is crucial for physiology, immunity, and treating conditions like infections and cancer.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Human Physiology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • The human microbiome, encompassing bacteria, viruses, and fungi, plays a critical role in health and disease.
    • The gut microbiome, a diverse microbial community, influences numerous aspects of human biology through host interactions.
    • Emerging technologies are enhancing our understanding of these complex host-microbe interactions.

    Discussion:

    • Antibiotic use can disrupt the microbiota's structure and function.
    • The microbiome influences susceptibility to infectious agents like Clostridioides difficile.
    • Microbial communities mediate xenobiotic metabolism and contribute to immunity.
    • The microbiota is implicated in metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, and oncogenesis.

    Key Insights:

    • Host-microbe interactions are central to human health.
    • Microbial dysbiosis has wide-ranging physiological consequences.
    • The microbiome's role extends from metabolism to disease development.

    Outlook:

    • Further research into host-microbe interactions will reveal new therapeutic targets.
    • Manipulating the microbiome may offer novel strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
    • Continued exploration of the microbiome's role in oncogenesis is warranted.