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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses
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Prototheca wickerhamii cutaneous and systemic infections.

Deng-Wei Chou, Kuo-Mou Chung, Chao-Tai Lee

    The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
    |October 3, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Prototheca wickerhamii, an alga rarely causing human infections, led to cutaneous and systemic disease in an 85-year-old man. Successful treatment was achieved using ketoconazole.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Mycology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Clinical Case Reports

    Background:

    • Prototheca wickerhamii is an uncommon, achlorophyllic alga found in the environment.
    • Human infections caused by Prototheca species are rare, typically occurring in immunocompromised individuals.

    Observation:

    • An 85-year-old male patient with a history of adrenal insufficiency presented with cutaneous and systemic infections.
    • Morphological features and microbiological tests confirmed the presence of Prototheca wickerhamii.

    Findings:

    • The patient's infections were attributed to Prototheca wickerhamii.
    • Successful treatment of the infections was achieved with the antifungal medication ketoconazole.

    Implications:

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  • This case highlights Prototheca wickerhamii as a potential pathogen in susceptible hosts.
  • Early identification and appropriate antifungal therapy, such as ketoconazole, are crucial for managing Prototheca infections.
  • Further research may elucidate the specific risk factors and optimal treatment strategies for protothecosis.