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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

8
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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[Thyroid hormone resistance (THR): a case report].

Paloma Almeda-Valdés1, Bernardo Pérez-Enríquez1, Daniel Cuevas-Ramos1

  • 1Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, México, D.F.

Gaceta Medica De Mexico
|October 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone resistance, a rare condition, involves reduced tissue response to thyroid hormone. A specific gene mutation was identified in a patient, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis to ensure effective treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone resistance (THR) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by diminished sensitivity to thyroid hormones at the cellular level.
  • It presents a diagnostic challenge due to variable clinical manifestations and potential misdiagnosis as other thyroid dysfunctions.

Observation:

  • This study details the clinical presentation, physical examination findings, and diagnostic protocol for a patient diagnosed with thyroid hormone resistance.
  • The patient exhibited specific clinical features necessitating a thorough investigation.

Findings:

  • Genetic analysis revealed a specific mutation (arginine to tryptophan) in the beta isoform of the thyroid hormone receptor gene (TRβ).
  • This mutation is directly linked to the observed thyroid hormone resistance in the patient.

Implications:

  • Accurate identification of thyroid hormone resistance, particularly through genetic confirmation, is crucial for appropriate patient management.
  • Avoiding misdiagnosis prevents ineffective or potentially harmful treatments for this uncommon endocrine disorder.