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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Single Extracellular Vesicle Transmembrane Protein Characterization by Nano-Flow Cytometry
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Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function.

Zoraida Andreu1, María Yáñez-Mó1

  • 1Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key to cell communication, transferring molecules between cells. Understanding EV biogenesis and uptake is crucial for their use as biomarkers and in therapies.

Keywords:
antigen presentationbiogenesisbiomarkersexosomesextracellular vesiclestetraspanin-enriched microdomains

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, and RNAs.
  • Various EV types, including exosomes, are released by cells and influence recipient cell function.
  • EVs are increasingly studied for their potential as non-invasive biomarkers and in clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of EV biogenesis, protein/RNA recruitment, and cellular uptake.
  • To elucidate EV functions and their clinical utility.
  • To highlight the role of tetraspanin proteins in EVs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of EV biogenesis and function.
  • Analysis of EV composition, including proteins and genetic material.
  • Examination of EV uptake mechanisms by target cells.

Main Results:

  • EVs are diverse vesicles involved in intercellular signaling.
  • Mechanisms of EV formation, cargo loading, and uptake are complex and cell-dependent.
  • Tetraspanin proteins are abundant in EVs and play significant roles.

Conclusions:

  • Deciphering EV biology is essential for realizing their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
  • Further research into EV mechanisms will advance their clinical applications.
  • EVs represent a promising frontier in biomedical research and development.