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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis
Published on: June 14, 2019
Preference for human papillomavirus-based cervical cancer screening: results of a choice-based conjoint study in
Eric Chamot1, Chishimba Mulambia, Sharon Kapambwe
11Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; 2Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia; 3Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia; and 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; and 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess the conditions under which Zambian women with a history of cervical cancer screening by visual inspection with acetic acid might switch to human papillomavirus-based testing in the future.
Materials And Methods:
We conducted a choice-based conjoint survey in a sample of women recently screened by visual inspection in Lusaka, Zambia. The screening attribute considered in hypothetical-choice scenarios included screening modality, sex and age of the examiner, whether screening results would be presented visually, distance from home to the clinic, and wait time for results.
Results:
Of 238 women in the sample, 208 (87.4%) provided responses sufficiently reliable for analysis. Laboratory testing on a urine sample was the preferred screening modality, followed by visual screening, laboratory testing on a self-collected vaginal specimen, and laboratory testing on a nurse-collected cervical specimen. Market simulation suggested that only 39.7% (95% CI = 33.8-45.6) of the respondents would prefer urine testing offered by a female nurse in her 30s over visual inspection of the cervix conducted by a male nurse in his 20s if extra wait time were as short as 1 hour and the option of viewing how their cervix looks like were not available.
Conclusions:
Our study suggests that, for some women, the level of preference for human papillomavirus-based screening strategies may depend highly on the process and conditions of service delivery.
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