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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Reinventing the neural crest: direct reprogramming makes iNCCs.

Sandra Varum1, Lukas Sommer1

  • 1Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

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|October 4, 2014
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Summary

Scientists directly reprogrammed postnatal fibroblasts into neural crest (NC) cells. This breakthrough offers a new strategy for generating NC cells, crucial for understanding and treating congenital diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Aberrant neural crest (NC) development is linked to numerous congenital diseases.
  • Current methods for human NC cell isolation and expansion are limited.
  • New strategies for generating NC cells are essential for research and therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct reprogramming of postnatal fibroblasts into multipotent NC cells.
  • To establish a novel method for generating human NC cells for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Direct reprogramming of postnatal fibroblasts.
  • Utilizing specific factors to induce neural crest cell fate.
  • Characterization of reprogrammed cells for multipotency and NC markers.

Main Results:

  • Successfully achieved direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into multipotent NC cells.
  • Demonstrated the potential of these reprogrammed NC cells for further differentiation.
  • Established a viable alternative to traditional NC cell isolation.

Conclusions:

  • Direct reprogramming offers a promising new avenue for generating neural crest cells.
  • This method overcomes limitations associated with human NC cell isolation.
  • The findings have significant implications for studying congenital diseases and developing novel therapies.