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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:26

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Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and...
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Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids01:28

IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

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In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a broad band between 2500 and 3300 cm⁻¹.
However, the stretching absorptions for the C=O bond vary depending on the structure of carboxylic acids. The C=O bond of the free carboxylic acids shows a higher stretching frequency, 1760 cm−1, while H-bonded carboxylic acids (dimers) exhibit stretching absorptions at a lower frequency,...
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Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives
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Raman spectroscopy study of calcium oxalate extracted from cacti stems.

Claudio Frausto-Reyes1, Sofia Loza-Cornejo, Teresa Terrazas

  • 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., Unidad Aguascalientes, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita,Aguascalientes, 20200 México.

Applied Spectroscopy
|October 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Raman spectroscopy identified calcium oxalate crystals in five Cactaceae species. Different crystal forms (monohydrate or dihydrate) distinguished between Opuntia species and others, aiding in Cactaceae identification and chemotaxonomy.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant science
  • Spectroscopy
  • Chemotaxonomy

Background:

  • Cactaceae species identification can be challenging.
  • Crystalline deposits within plant tissues may serve as distinguishing markers.
  • Calcium oxalate crystals are common in plants but their specific forms can vary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify markers for distinguishing Cactaceae species.
  • To investigate the occurrence and composition of solid deposits in cactus stems.
  • To evaluate Raman spectroscopy as a tool for Cactaceae identification.

Main Methods:

  • Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed.
  • Five Cactaceae species were collected from natural habitats in Mexico.
  • Stem tissues were analyzed for solid deposits, including spheroidal aggregates, druses, and prismatic crystals.

Main Results:

  • Crystals were identified as calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaC2O4·H2O) or calcium oxalate dihydrate (CaC2O4·2H2O).
  • Opuntia species (Opuntioideae subfamily) contained CaC2O4·H2O.
  • C. clavata and F. latispinus (Cactoideae subfamily, Cacteae tribe) contained CaC2O4·2H2O.

Conclusions:

  • Raman spectroscopy is effective for identifying crystal composition and morphology in Cactaceae.
  • The specific forms of calcium oxalate crystals can differentiate between Cactaceae species and subfamilies.
  • This spectroscopic approach aids in Cactaceae species identification and understanding their chemotaxonomy.