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Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels01:09

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In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
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Author Spotlight: Photo Switchable Protein Recruitment for Reversible Patterning in Artificial Cellular Systems
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Mirror image proteins.

Le Zhao1, Wuyuan Lu2

  • 1First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|October 6, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mirror image d-proteins, synthesized chemically, offer novel research avenues. These unnatural proteins aid in determining difficult protein structures and developing superior peptide/protein therapeutics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Proteins are typically composed of l-amino acids, forming native protein structures.
  • Unnatural d-amino acids can be used to create mirror-image d-proteins.
  • Chemical protein synthesis advances enable the creation of domain-sized d-proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the application of mirror image d-proteins.
  • To highlight the utility of d-proteins in structural biology, drug discovery, and immunology.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical protein synthesis for creating d-proteins.
  • Racemic X-ray crystallography for structure determination.
  • Mirror-image phage display for therapeutic screening.

Main Results:

  • d-Proteins facilitate structure determination of challenging native l-protein forms.
  • Mirror-image phage display yields superior d-peptide/d-protein therapeutics.
  • d-Proteins serve as mechanistic tools for biological event probing.

Conclusions:

  • Mirror image d-proteins represent a powerful, previously unattainable approach in protein research.
  • d-Proteins have significant implications for structural biology, drug discovery, and immunology.