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The female survival advantage seen in younger adults diminishes significantly with advanced age, disappearing completely after age 90. This study confirms that gender differences in longevity decrease as individuals reach extreme old age.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology
  • Demography

Background:

  • Females generally exhibit increased survival rates throughout adulthood.
  • Limited evidence exists regarding gender-specific survival patterns in the oldest old.
  • Understanding longevity differences in advanced age is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that gender differences in survival diminish with advancing age.
  • To analyze survival trends across different age strata in a centenarian cohort.
  • To quantify the change in male mortality hazard ratios relative to females with increasing age.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Jerusalem Longitudinal Study, a representative cohort born 1920-1921.
  • Collected comprehensive data at ages 70, 78, 85, and 90, with mortality follow-up until 2013.
  • Employed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.

Main Results:

  • The survival advantage for females decreased progressively with age.
  • At ages 70-78, female survival was 85.6% vs. 71% for males (p<0.0001).
  • By ages 90-93, survival rates were similar (80% females vs. 81% males, p=0.92), with adjusted male mortality hazard ratios approaching 1.0.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms that the female longevity advantage diminishes with advancing age.
  • This survival difference disappears beyond the age of 90.
  • Findings highlight the convergence of male and female longevity in extreme old age.