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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...

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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

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Simple on-plastic/paper inkjet-printed solid-state Ag/AgCl pseudoreference electrode.

Everson Thiago Santos Gerôncio da Silva¹, Sandrine Miserere, Lauro Tatsuo Kubota

¹Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.

Analytical Chemistry

|October 7, 2014

Summary

Researchers developed a low-cost, inkjet-printed silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) pseudoreference electrode. This disposable sensor demonstrates excellent stability and reproducibility, paving the way for mass production and integration with various microsensors.

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Sensor Technology

Background:

Development of stable and reproducible reference electrodes is crucial for electrochemical sensing.
Existing reference electrodes can be expensive, bulky, or require specialized handling.
Miniaturized and disposable electrodes offer advantages in cost and portability.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a miniaturized, disposable, and low-cost silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) pseudoreference electrode.
To evaluate the performance, reproducibility, and stability of the developed electrode.
To explore the potential for large-scale production and integration with other sensors.

Main Methods:

Utilizing inkjet printing technology to deposit silver ink.
Chlorinating the printed silver layer to form the Ag/AgCl pseudoreference material.
Assessing electrode performance through continuous measurements and storage stability tests.

Main Results:

Successfully fabricated miniaturized Ag/AgCl pseudoreference electrodes using inkjet printing.
Demonstrated good reproducibility and stability for at least 30 minutes of continuous measurement.
Maintained stability for up to 30 days of storage without special precautions.
The fabrication strategy is suitable for large-scale production and customization.

Conclusions:

Inkjet printing offers a viable, low-cost method for producing disposable Ag/AgCl pseudoreference electrodes.
The developed electrodes exhibit robust performance characteristics suitable for various applications.
This approach facilitates the integration of reliable reference potentials with microsensors and biosensors.