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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Severe sepsis during pregnancy.

Luis D Pacheco1, George R Saade, Gary D V Hankins

  • 1*Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine †Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Surgical Critical Care, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas.

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
|October 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early recognition and treatment of severe sepsis, including antibiotics and fluid resuscitation, are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Refractory cases may need additional vasopressors and steroids, with goals including optimized oxygenation and lactate levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Severe sepsis is a leading cause of death in intensive care units.
  • Prompt management is essential for patient survival and recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the critical steps in managing severe sepsis.
  • To detail the progression of hemodynamic resuscitation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current guidelines and evidence for severe sepsis management.
  • Description of sequential therapeutic interventions, including antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressors.
  • Emphasis on monitoring resuscitation goals.

Main Results:

  • Early broad-spectrum antibiotics, source control, and fluid resuscitation improve outcomes.
  • Vasopressors are indicated when fluid therapy is insufficient.
  • Second-line vasopressors (epinephrine, vasopressin) and steroids are used for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing hemodynamic resuscitation is key in severe sepsis management.
  • Monitoring central venous oxygenation and serum lactate guides treatment efficacy.
  • A multi-faceted approach is necessary for severe sepsis management.