Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

117
Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
117
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

3.6K
Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
3.6K
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

2.2K
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
2.2K
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

1.9K
Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
1.9K
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

3.1K
Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
3.1K
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

4.1K
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
4.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of DNA on the growth and optical properties of luminescent organic microcrystals.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2006
Same author

Synthesis and properties of new tetrazines substituted by heteroatoms: towards the world's smallest organic fluorophores.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2005
Same author

Diffusional fluorescence quenching of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Applied spectroscopy·2003
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays
12:12

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays

Published on: March 29, 2022

2.8K

Bioactive toxins from stinging jellyfish.

Sophie Badré1

  • 1Prevor, Moulin de Verville, 95760 Valmondois, France.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|October 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Jellyfish venom causes painful skin reactions and systemic effects. Further research is needed to fully understand jellyfish toxins and their in vivo impacts.

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Toxicology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Jellyfish blooms are globally prevalent, posing health risks to humans through venomous stings.
  • Jellyfish venom can cause localized skin reactions, scarring, systemic symptoms, and even death.
  • Previous research has explored the in vitro biological activities and purified some toxins from jellyfish venom.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for detailed characterization of jellyfish toxins.
  • To understand the in vivo mechanisms and effects of jellyfish venom.
  • To advance the knowledge of Medusozoan-specific toxins.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies evaluating biological activity of whole jellyfish venom and purified fractions.
  • Purification and characterization of specific toxins.
Keywords:
Biological activitiesHuman envenomationJellyfishToxins

More Related Videos

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

13.2K
A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

668

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays
12:12

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays

Published on: March 29, 2022

2.8K
Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

13.2K
A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

668
  • Identification of pore-forming toxins unique to Medusozoans.

    • Main Results:

    • Commonly observed activities include hemolytic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and enzymatic effects.
    • Specific toxins have been successfully purified and characterized.
    • A distinct family of pore-forming toxins prevalent in Medusozoans has been identified.

    Conclusions:

    • Detailed characterization of jellyfish toxins is crucial for understanding in vivo symptoms.
    • Further research will elucidate the complex mechanisms of jellyfish envenomation.
    • Understanding these toxins can lead to improved medical treatments for jellyfish stings.