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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
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Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Radiation and Filtration01:26

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Radiation and filtration are essential tools for microbial control, targeting microorganisms through distinct mechanisms. Radiation eliminates microbes by damaging their DNA, either killing them or inhibiting their growth. Based on wavelength, radiation is classified into two types: nonionizing and ionizing radiation.Non-ionizing radiation, such as UV radiation (200–400 nm), is absorbed by DNA, causing defects that effectively disinfect surfaces, air, and water, including safety cabinets.
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Zebrafish Larvae as a Model to Evaluate Potential Radiosensitizers or Protectors
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[Radiomitigators: prospects for use in medical radiation protection].

A N Grebeniuk, V I Legeza, R A Tarumov

    Voenno-Meditsinskii Zhurnal
    |October 8, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores radiomitigators, substances that protect against ionizing radiation. Microbic biopolymers, antioxidants, steroids, and cytokines show promise for early-stage radiation injury treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Radiation Biology
    • Pharmacology
    • Microbiology

    Context:

    • Ionizing radiation exposure necessitates rapid medical intervention.
    • Early-stage treatment (hours to days post-irradiation) is critical for mitigating radiation injury.
    • Identifying effective radioprotective agents is a key challenge in radiation medicine.

    Purpose:

    • To present the prospects of creating and utilizing radiomitigators for early medical care after ionizing radiation exposure.
    • To identify effective radiomitigating agents from various natural sources.
    • To formulate strategies for enhancing medical radiation protection in the early stages of radiation injury.

    Summary:

    • Natural biopolymers of microbial origin, including vaccines from the enterotyphus group and their components (lipopolysaccharide, protein-polysaccharide), demonstrate significant radiomitigating properties.

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  • Other promising agents include desoxinate, translame, and flagellin.
  • Antioxidants (a-tocopherol, xantosine, caffeine, selenium methionine, inosine, guanosine), 5-androstenediol, and specific cytokines (interleukin-1beta, thrombopoietin, stem cell factor), often combined with colony-stimulating factors, also exhibit radiomitigating effects.

    • Impact:

    • Highlights the potential of microbial biopolymers as effective radiomitigators.
    • Identifies a range of natural compounds and biological agents with radioprotective capabilities.
    • Provides a foundation for developing novel therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes for individuals exposed to ionizing radiation.