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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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[Laparoscopy of the upper urinary tract].

S P Stepushkin, K O Chebanov, V P Chaĭkovskiĭ

    Likars'Ka Sprava
    |October 8, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Laparoscopic surgery for upper urinary tract conditions offers comparable oncological and functional outcomes to open surgery, with reduced recovery times. This study highlights its effectiveness as a viable alternative for various urologic pathologies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Urology
    • Minimally Invasive Surgery
    • Surgical Oncology

    Background:

    • Laparoscopy is increasingly utilized for upper urinary tract pathologies.
    • Developing laparoscopic techniques requires extensive experience and retrospective analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To retrospectively analyze the development and outcomes of laparoscopic surgical techniques for upper urinary tract pathology.
    • To compare laparoscopic procedures with traditional open surgery.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 137 laparoscopic surgeries performed between July 2010 and July 2013.
    • Procedures included nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, adrenalectomy, cystectomy, ureterolithotomy, and pyeloplasty.
    • Comparative analysis with open surgical interventions performed at the same institution.

    Main Results:

    • Laparoscopic nephrectomy averaged 180 minutes with 150 ml blood loss; patients discharged in 4-5 days.
    • Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for tumors averaging 2.7 cm involved 27 minutes of warm ischemia.
    • Laparoscopic adrenalectomy operative time decreased from 140 to 70 minutes with experience; blood loss averaged 70 ml.
    • Shorter recovery (2-3 days) for laparoscopic cystectomy, ureterolithotomy, pelviolithotomy, and pyeloplasty.
    • No intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported.

    Conclusions:

    • Laparoscopic surgery is a safe and effective alternative to open surgery for upper urinary tract pathology.
    • Oncological outcomes, functional results, and complication rates are comparable between laparoscopic and open approaches.
    • Laparoscopic techniques demonstrate potential for reduced patient recovery time.