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IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor IRIS
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Irisin: 'fat' or artefact.

A B Crujeiras1, M Pardo, F F Casanueva

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Clinical Endocrinology
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Controversy surrounds the muscle-derived factor irisin (fibronectin type III domain containing 5 protein). This review explores adipose tissue

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Adipose Tissue Biology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • The discovery of irisin, a muscle-derived factor, has sparked debate due to inconsistent exercise regulation and unexpected links to human adiposity.
  • Questions persist regarding the true identity of soluble fibronectin type III domain containing 5 protein (FNDC5) and irisin's role in obesity and diabetes treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential role of adipose tissue in circulating irisin levels.
  • To clarify the controversy surrounding irisin's function in obesity-related metabolic disorders.
  • To determine if elevated circulating factors in obese patients truly represent irisin or are artifacts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature focusing on FNDC5/irisin expression and secretion.
  • Analysis of studies correlating circulating irisin levels with adiposity and metabolic parameters.
  • Exploration of irisin's potential roles in insulin resistance and glucose/lipid homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Postulation that FNDC5/irisin is an adipokine expressed and secreted by white adipose tissue in rats and humans.
  • Observed correlation between circulating irisin concentration and adiposity across independent human cohorts.
  • Evidence suggesting irisin may promote insulin resistance or act adaptively in obesity-related metabolic disturbances.

Conclusions:

  • Adipose tissue likely contributes significantly to circulating irisin levels.
  • Irisin's role in metabolic pathologies associated with obesity requires further clarification.
  • The nature of circulating factors in obese individuals, potentially misidentified as irisin, needs investigation.