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Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Cross-Sectional Research01:50

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Archival Research01:40

Archival Research

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Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...
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Retrospective studies.

Patrícia Pelufo Silveira1, Gisele Gus Manfro

  • 1Departamentos de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina-Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Largo Eduardo Zaccaro Faraco, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 00032386@ufrgs.br.

Advances in Neurobiology
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perinatal events, like poor fetal nutrition, can permanently impact lifelong health and brain development. This is a key concept in the Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD) model.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD)
  • Epidemiology
  • Neurodevelopment

Background:

  • Perinatal events are increasingly recognized for their lasting impact on lifelong health.
  • The "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis links early-life nutrition to adult chronic disease risk.
  • The Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD) model integrates these concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review retrospective studies on perinatal programming and neurodevelopment.
  • To explore how early-life environmental variations affect brain structure and function.
  • To examine the influence of factors like birth weight on neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of literature reviews dating back to 1940.
  • Focus on birth weight as a marker for the intrauterine environment.

Main Results:

  • Perinatal factors can persistently influence individual functioning and health patterns.
  • Adverse early-life events (infections, stress, nutrition, toxins) can modify brain development.
  • Low birth weight is a significant marker for suboptimal fetal environments impacting neurodevelopment.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life environment plays a critical role in shaping long-term health and neurodevelopment.
  • The DOHaD model provides a framework for understanding these lifelong effects.
  • Further research continues to explore the complex interplay between perinatal exposures and adult health outcomes.