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Related Concept Videos

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Transcytosis of IgG

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
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In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins can be broadly classified into two distinct subtypes based on their shape and solubilities: globular proteins and fibrous proteins.
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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
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Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

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Biliglobulin: a new look at IgA.

J G Hall1, E Andrew

  • 1Block X, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Tumour Immunology, Clifton Avenue, Sutton, Surrey, UK.

Immunology Today
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Bile is a rich source of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) due to active transport by hepatocytes from blood to bile. This discovery offers new insights into immune responses and a simple method for studying secretory antibodies.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Historically, bile's immunological significance was overlooked by immunologists.
  • Physicians have long recognized bile's importance, but its role in immunity remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of bile in housing secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA).
  • To explore the mechanisms of immunoglobulin transport from blood to bile.
  • To establish a method for studying secretory antibodies in animal models.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of immunoglobulin transport in hepatocytes.
  • Investigation of bile composition in relation to immune factors.
  • Development of techniques for studying secretory antibodies in laboratory animals.

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Main Results:

  • Bile was identified as a significant reservoir for secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA).
  • Hepatocytes were found to actively and rapidly transport sIgA from the bloodstream into bile.
  • A straightforward method for investigating secretory antibodies in small animals was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Bile plays a crucial, previously underappreciated role in the immune system, particularly in housing sIgA.
  • The active transport of sIgA by hepatocytes is a key mechanism linking the liver and gut immunity.
  • These findings provide valuable tools for immunological research, especially concerning mucosal immunity and autoimmune diseases.